Although the Italian Wars (1494–1559) came to dominate the reign of Francis I, the wars were not the sole focus of … [37] Printing was censored and leading Protestant reformers such as John Calvin were forced into exile. He was succeeded by his son, Henry II. "Field of the Cloth of Gold", Richardson, Glenn. September 1745-18. Francis I was allowed to return to France in exchange for his two sons, Francis and Henry, but once he was free he argued that his agreement with Charles was made under duress. Francis I was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife, Maria Theresa, effectively executed the real powers of those positions. British historian Glenn Richardson considers Francis a success: On 18 May 1514, Francis married his second cousin Claude, the daughter of King Louis XII of France and Duchess Anne of Brittany. [41] His long nose earned him the nickname François du Grand Nez ("Francis of the Big Nose"), he was also colloquially known as the "Grand Colas" or "Bonhomme Colas". Glen Richardson, "Good friends and brothers? [11][failed verification]. ", Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, X, no.450, "The Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots | History Today", "Habsburg, Eleonore von Oesterreich (Tochter Philipp's von Oesterreich)", House of Valois, Orléans-Angoulême branch, Provisional Government of the French Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_I_of_France&oldid=1003628956, Monarchs imprisoned and detained during war, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Middle French (ca. An ultimatum from Ottoman Sultan Suleiman to Charles V also played an important role in his release. Portret van Frans van Lotharingen (Frans I), … [40], Francis' personal emblem was the salamander and his Latin motto was Nutrisco et extinguo ("I nourish [the good] and extinguish [the bad]"). For this reason, Hercolani was named "Victor of the battle of Pavia". Martin Luther's preaching and writing sparked the Protestant Reformation, which spread through much of Europe, including France. He assumed the title of Emperor of Austria in response to the coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French.Soon after Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine, Francis abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor. Jul 26, 2015 - Francis I (German: Franz Stefan; Italian: Francesco Stefano; English: Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions. . Among the concessions that Francis I yielded to Charles V were the surrender of any claims to Naples and Milan in Italy. During his reign, the size of the library greatly increased. Francis set an important precedent by opening his library to scholars from around the world in order to facilitate the diffusion of knowledge. He also claimed that the agreement was void because his sons were taken hostage with the implication that his word alone could not be trusted. By the time he ascended the throne in 1515, the Renaissance had arrived in France, and Francis became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. With his wife, Maria Theresa, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. While da Vinci painted very little during his years in France, he brought with him many of his greatest works, including the Mona Lisa (known in France as La Joconde), and these remained in France after his death. Francis was a son of Emperor Leopold II (1747–1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745–1792), daughter of Charles III of Spain. A more acceptable agreement, called the Peace of the Ladies, eventually negotiated by Francis’ mother and Charles’ aunt in 1529. [12] Militarily and diplomatically, Francis' reign was a mixed bag of success and failure. Omissions? As Francis was receiving his education, ideas emerging from the Italian Renaissance were influential in France. France, Sardinia, and Spain simultaneously opened the war against Austria in 1733 (. Francis worked diligently at improving the royal library. Not only did Francis support a number of major writers of the period, but he was also a poet himself, if not one of particular abilities. Francis merely continued the incessant wars that his predecessors had started and that his successors on the throne of France would drag on after Francis' death. Data: tra il 1723 e il 1724 . In order to counterbalance the power of the Habsburg Empire under Charles V, especially its control of large parts of the New World through the Crown of Spain, Francis I endeavoured to develop contacts with the New World and Asia. Francis was driven by his intense eagerness for retaking Milan, despite the strong opposition of other Powers. Francis also obtained the help of the Ottoman Empire and renewed the contest in Italy in the Italian War of 1536–1538 after the death of Francesco II Sforza, the ruler of Milan. All this prompted King Francis to declare, "The sun shines for me as it does for others. Francis I was the Holy Roman Emperor who along with his wife founded the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. Francis I (Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real power of those positions.With his wife, Maria Theresa of Austria, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. Though he had a happy childhood surrounded by his many siblings, his family knew Francis was likely to be a future Emperor (his uncle Joseph had no surviving issue from either of his two marriage… Francis II (German: Franz II. [26] In 1529, Jean Parmentier, on board the Sacre and the Pensée, reached Sumatra. Divisions in Christianity in Western Europe during Francis' reign created lasting international rifts. Not only did he expand the library, there is also evidence[citation needed] that he read the books he bought for it, a much rarer event in the royal annals. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor; Coats of arms of the Holy Roman Empire; Usato nelle seguenti pagine di fr.wikipedia.org: Liste des souverains d'Allemagne; Liste des souverains du Saint-Empire; François Ier (empereur du Saint-Empire) Liste des conjoints des souverains d'Autriche; Liste des conjoints des souverains de Bohême The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it also included the neighboring Kingdom of Bohemia and Kingdom of Italy, plus numerous other territories, and soon after the Kingdom of Burgundy He and his court set the scene for Friedrich Schiller's ballad Der Handschuh (The Glove). The story of his mission is not without interest" in, Robert J. Knecht, "'Born between two women...'Jules Michelet and Francis I. [4] His family was not expected to inherit the throne, as his third cousin King Charles VIII was still young at the time of his birth, as was his father's cousin the Duke of Orléans, later King Louis XII. In addition to the Holy Roman Empire, Charles personally ruled Spain, Austria, and a number of smaller possessions neighboring France. He succeeded his first cousin once removed Louis XII, who died without a son. Popular and scholarly historical memory ignores his building of so many fine chateaux, his stunning art collection, his lavish patronage of scholars and artists. Francis I (French: François Ier; Middle French: Francoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. He financed the building of a new City Hall (the Hôtel de Ville) for Paris in order to have control over the building's design. Francis was first played in a George Méliès movie by an unknown actor in 1907, and has also been played by Claude Garry (1910), Aimé Simon-Girard (1937), Sacha Guitry (1937), Gérard Oury (1953), Jean Marais (1955), Pedro Armendáriz (1956), Claude Titre (1962), Bernard Pierre Donnadieu (1990). 1400-1600)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014, Articles with failed verification from May 2013, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Louise (19 August 1515 – 21 September 1517): died young; engaged to, Clough, C.H., "Francis I and the Courtiers of Castiglione’s Courtier. [2] When this was unsuccessful, he formed a Franco-Ottoman alliance with the Muslim sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, a controversial move for a Christian king at the time.[3]. He is played by Alfonso Bassave in the TVE series Carlos, rey emperador, opposite Álvaro Cervantes as Charles V. King of the House of Valois-Angoulême (1494–1547, r. 1515–47). Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Collezione: castello di Schönbrunn Nome … By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. With his wife, Maria Theresa, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. The agreement collapsed, however, which led to Francis' final attempt on Italy in the Italian War of 1542–1546. Thirteen years later, on 7 June 1494, Portugal and the Crown of Castille signed the Treaty of Tordesillas under which the newly discovered lands would be divided between the two signatories. He often receives mentions in novels on the lives of either of the Boleyn sisters – Mary Boleyn (d. 1543) and her sister, Queen Anne Boleyn (executed 1536), both of whom were for a time educated at his court. In 1524, Francis assisted the citizens of Lyon in financing the expedition of Giovanni da Verrazzano to North America. A prodigious patron of the arts, he promoted the emergent French Renaissance by attracting many Italian artists to work for him, including Leonardo da Vinci, who brought the Mona Lisa with him, which Francis had acquired. "'Barbarossa and His Army Who Came to Succor All of Us': Ottoman and French Views of Their Joint Campaign of 1543–1544. Francis patronized many great artists of his time, including Andrea del Sarto and Leonardo da Vinci; the latter of whom was persuaded to make France his home during his last years. He was a recurring character in the Showtime series The Tudors, opposite Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Henry VIII and Natalie Dormer as Anne Boleyn. [21], Francis had been much aggrieved at the papal bull Aeterni regis: in June 1481 Portuguese rule over Africa and the Indies was confirmed by Pope Sixtus IV. Le Havre was originally named Franciscopolis after the King who founded it, but this name did not survive into later reigns. His academic education had been in arithmetic, geography, grammar, history, reading, spelling, and writing and he became proficient in Hebrew, Italian, Latin and Spanish. [26][27] Upon its return, the expedition triggered the development of the Dieppe maps, influencing the work of Dieppe cartographers such as Jean Rotz. "An Update on the Reign of Francis I. Francis I, (born Dec. 8, 1708, Nancy, Duchy of Lorraine—died Aug. 18, 1765, Innsbruck, Austria), Holy Roman emperor from Sept. 13, 1745; he was duke of Lorraine (as Francis Stephen) from 1729 to 1735 and grand duke of Tuscany from 1737. Another of his earlier mistresses was allegedly Mary Boleyn, mistress of King Henry VIII and sister of Henry's future wife, Anne Boleyn.[45]. Indeed, the Italian Wars had begun when Milan sent a plea to King Charles VIII of France for protection against the aggressive actions of the King of Naples. He also invited the noted architect Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554), who enjoyed a fruitful late career in France. [23], In 1531, Bertrand d'Ornesan tried to establish a French trading post at Pernambuco, Brazil. In Paris, after 1540, Francis had heretics such as Etienne Dolet tortured and burned. Maria Theresa mourned his death throughout the 15 years by which she survived him. When Francis comes up in a conversation among characters in Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier, it is as the great hope to bring culture to the war-obsessed French nation. Although Francis did not receive a humanist education, he was more influenced by humanism than any previous French king. Francis I Stephen Holy Roman Emperor De Lorraine in GenealogieOnline Family Tree Index ... Holy Roman Emperor, King of the Romans: Reign 13. During the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48), Maria Theresa, apprehensive for Francis’ life, refused his repeated demands to be allowed to defend her inheritance by leading the Austrian Army. The amorous exploits of Francis inspired the 1832 play by Fanny Kemble, Francis the First, and the 1832 play by Victor Hugo, Le Roi s'amuse ("The King's Amusement"), which featured the jester Triboulet, the inspiration for the 1851 opera Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi. The succession of Charles V to the Burgundian Netherlands, the throne of Spain, and his subsequent election as Holy Roman Emperor, meant that France was geographically encircled by the Habsburg monarchy. For his role in the development and promotion of a standardized French language, he became known as le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres (the 'Father and Restorer of Letters'). Verrazzano's letter to Francis of 8 July 1524 is known as the Cèllere Codex. This time Francis managed to hold off the forces of Charles V and Henry VIII. He continued the work of his predecessors on the Château d'Amboise and also started renovations on the Château de Blois. "'Born between two women...'Jules Michelet and Francis I. In a watershed moment in European diplomacy, Francis came to an understanding with the Ottoman Empire that developed into a Franco-Ottoman alliance. “The Ottoman Turks in Sixteenth Century French Diplomacy”, Knecht, R. J. Tipo di oggetto: dipinto. During Francis' reign, the magnificent art collection of the French kings, which can still be seen at the Louvre Palace, was begun. Francis I, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King in Germany and of Jerusalem, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Lorraine, Bar, and Grand Duke of Tuscany, Duke of Calabria, in Silesia of Teschen, Prince of Charleville, Margrave of Pont-à-Mousson and Nomeny, Count of Provence, Vaudémont, Blâmont, Zütphen, Saarwerden, Salm, Falkenstein, etc. (Francis I, b. In 1533, Francis I sent colonel Pierre de Piton as ambassador to Morocco, initiating official France-Morocco relations. He appointed the great French humanist Guillaume Budé as chief librarian and began to expand the collection. [32] The two powers colluded against Charles V, and in 1543 they even combined for a joint naval assault in the Siege of Nice. He even considered it politically useful, as it caused many German princes to turn against his enemy Charles V. In 1533 Francis even dared to suggest to Pope Clement VII that he convene a church council in which Catholic and Protestant rulers would have an equal vote in order to settle their differences – an offer rejected by both the Pope and Charles V. Beginning in 1523, however, Francis burned several heretics at the Place Maubert. The plot includes Leonardo da Vinci (played by Patrick Godfrey) arriving at Francis's court with the Mona Lisa. Francis rebuilt the Château du Louvre, transforming it from a medieval fortress into a building of Renaissance splendour. In 1526, she was replaced by the blonde-haired, cultured Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly, Duchess of Étampes who, with the death of Queen Claude two years earlier, wielded far more political power at court than her predecessor had done. The influence of Francis in government was inconsiderable except in economic matters. Francis appears as the patron of Benvenuto Cellini in the 1843 French novel L'Orfèvre du roi, ou Ascanio by Alexandre Dumas, père. They were the founders of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. From 1723 Francis, whose dynasty in Lorraine was closely connected with the Austrian Habsburgs, lived at the Viennese court of the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI. Francis I (played by Timothy West) and Francis's son Henry II (played by Dougray Scott) are central figures in the 1998 movie Ever After, a retelling of the Cinderella story. Francis is portrayed in Diane Haeger's novel Courtesan about Diane de Poitiers and Henri II. The port city now known as Le Havre was founded in 1517 during the early years of Francis' reign. He constructed the Château de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne and rebuilt the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Francis was actually captured by the forces of Charles V after Cesare Hercolani was able to injure his horse, leading Francis to be captured by Diego Dávila, Alonso Pita da Veiga and Juan de Urbieta, from Guipúzcoa. Francis I (Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real power of those positions. In 1539, in his castle in Villers-Cotterêts,[35] Francis signed the important edict known as Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, which, among other reforms, made French the administrative language of the kingdom as a replacement for Latin. Some of his tutors, such as François Desmoulins de Rochefort (his Latin instructor, who later during the reign of Francis was named Grand Aumônier de France) and Christophe de Longueil (a Brabantian humanist), were attracted by these new ways of thinking and attempted to influence Francis. Though he had a happy childhood surrounded by his many siblings, his family knew Francis was likely to be a future Emperor (his uncle Joseph had no surviving issue from either of his two marriages), and so in 1784 the young Archduke was sent to the Imperial Co… Francis of Orléans was born on 12 September 1494 at the Château de Cognac in the town of Cognac,[1] which at that time lay in the province of Saintonge, a part of the Duchy of Aquitaine. With his wife, Maria Theresa of Austria, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. Francis poured vast amounts of money into new structures. Nevertheless, it endured for many years, since it served the objective interests of both parties. He appears in Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall about Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell and is often referred to in its sequel, Bring Up the Bodies. ", "Francois I, hoping that Morocco would open up to France as easily as Mexico had to Spain, sent a commission, half commercial and half diplomatic, which he confided to one Pierre de Piton. Francis I has a poor reputation in France—his 500th anniversary was little noted in 1994. [39] He was interred with his first wife, Claude, Duchess of Brittany, in Saint Denis Basilica. Brit., 15th ed. Francis was the only son of Charles of Orléans, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy and a great-great-grandson of King Charles V of France. [1] He was also known as François au Grand Nez ('Francis of the Large Nose'), the Grand Colas, and the Roi-Chevalier (the 'Knight-King')[1] for his personal involvement in the wars against his great rival Emperor Charles V, who was also King of Spain. Together with his sister, he visited her in Tarascon. Early in his reign, he began construction of the magnificent Château de Chambord, inspired by the architectural styles of the Italian renaissance, and perhaps even designed by Leonardo da Vinci. Protestants were jailed and executed. [30] It did, however, cause quite a scandal in the Christian world[31] and was designated "the impious alliance", or "the sacrilegious union of the [French] Lily and the [Ottoman] Crescent." Mary had, according to several accounts, been Francis' one-time mistress and Anne had been a favourite of his sister: the novels The Lady in the Tower, The Other Boleyn Girl, The Last Boleyn, Dear Heart, How Like You This? [20], After the league of Cognac failed, Francis concluded a secret alliance with the Landgrave of Hesse on 27 January 1534. [6] Claude was heir presumptive to the Duchy of Brittany through her mother, Anne of Brittany. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). August 1765 Coronation 4. Francis' older sister, Marguerite, Queen of Navarre, was also an accomplished writer who produced the classic collection of short stories known as the Heptameron. Charles, in fact, brashly challenged Francis to single combat multiple times. Following the policy of his predecessors, Francis continued the Italian Wars. He is better remembered for his cultural interests. Corrections? The narrator claims that the king, wishing to win the favour of Switzerland, offers to make the country the godmother of his son. This was directed against Charles V on the pretext of assisting the Duke of Wurttemberg to regain his traditional seat, from which Charles had removed him in 1519. Francis I and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor made peace at the Truce of Nice in 1538. For his personal involvement in battles, he was known as le Roi-Chevalier ("the Knight-King") or the le Roi-Guerrier ("the Warrior-King").[42]. ", Jensen, De Lamar. Francis was portrayed by Peter Gilmore in the comedy film Carry On Henry charting the fictitious two extra wives of Henry VIII (including Marie cousin of King Francis). A renewed alliance with England enabled Francis to repudiate the treaty of Madrid. [24], In 1534, Francis sent Jacques Cartier to explore the St. Lawrence River in Quebec to find "certain islands and lands where it is said there must be great quantities of gold and other riches". In some areas whole villages were destroyed. Holy Roman Emper or Francis I - 1745-1765. 12/8/1708; d. 8/18/1765, Holy Roman emperor from Sept. 13, 1775; he was duke of Lorraine (as Francis Stephen) from 1729 … The Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Sacrum Imperium Romanum; German: Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. Following Anne's death, the marriage took place on 18 May 1514. October 1745, Frankfurt ; Predecessor: Charles VII Successor: Joseph II The largest of Francis' building projects was the reconstruction and expansion of the Château de Fontainebleau, which quickly became his favourite place of residence, as well as the residence of his official mistress, Anne, Duchess of Étampes. He was thus a constant threat to Francis' kingdom. ", Isom-Verhaaren, Christine. Thus he firmly repudiated it. etc. The first was Françoise de Foix, Countess of Châteaubriant. ", French trade with East Asia was initiated during the reign of Francis I with the help of shipowner Jean Ango. a sister of the Emperor Charles V. The couple had no children. Francis tried and failed to become Holy Roman Emperor at the Imperial election of 1519. He ended up reading philosophy and theology and he was fascinated with art, literature, poetry and science. [25] In 1541, Francis sent Jean-François de Roberval to settle Canada and to provide for the spread of "the Holy Catholic faith. However, Charles VIII died childless in 1498 and was succeeded by Louis XII, who himself had no male heir. English: HM Francis I (8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) (born as François Stephen, later Francis III Stephen, Duke of Lorraine) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany. Scegli tra immagini premium su Francis I Holy Roman Emperor della migliore qualità. Scopri le migliori foto stock e immagini editoriali di attualità di Francis I Holy Roman Emperor su Getty Images. Francis attempted to arrange an alliance with Henry VIII of England at the famous meeting at the Field of Cloth of Gold on 7 June 1520, but despite a lavish fortnight of diplomacy they failed to reach an agreement. This same edict required priests to register births, marriages, and deaths, and to establish a registry office in every parish. Francis I, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King in Germany and of Jerusalem, Archduke of Austria,Duke of Lorraine, Bar, and Grand Duke of Tuscany, Duke of Calabria, in Silesia of Teschen, Prince of Charleville, Margrave of Pont-à-Mousson and Nomeny, Count of Provence, Vaudémont, Blâmont, Zütphen, Saarwerden, Salm, Falkenstein, etc. In a letter to his mother he wrote, "Of all things, nothing remains to me but honour and life, which is safe." Francis I, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King in Germany and of Jerusalem, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Lorraine, Bar, and Grand Duke of Tuscany, Duke of Calabria, in Silesia of Teschen, Prince of Charleville, Margrave of Pont-à-Mousson and Nomeny, Count of Provence, Vaudémont, Blâmont, Zütphen, Saarwerden, Salm, Falkenstein, etc. Henry was likewise determined to recapture northern France, which Francis could never allow. 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