Akin to the Gonds are a number of other tribes, such as the Bhattras, Koyas, Konda Kapus, Konda Deras, and Halbas. The norm is the cross-cousin marriage (e.g., marriage with one's mother's brother's daughter) so typical of South Indian society. Each village has its Village-Guardian and Village-Mother who are worshipped when villagers celebrate regular festivities. More important affairs are discussed and decided upon by all the men of the community. Even if this were not so, the leadership to achieve this is sorely lacking. Many Gonds believe that when a Pardhan (bard) plays his fiddle, the deity's fierce powers can be controlled. Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1960. But, again, these are generalizations and there are indigenous societies in which child and forced marriages are common. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gonds. However these tendencies are reduced when a pardhan, a bard, plays a fiddle. All Gonds are in some way or other engaged in agriculture or work in the forest. However like any other tribal group, Gond despite of being the largest of all, faces economic problems and hardship. Honey is also gathered from the forest. Gonds differ little from the other cultivating castes of their locality in the area of dress. They are artistically gifted: they paint their house walls with artistic designs, and they carve memorial pillars in wood and stone for their dead. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gond, RELIGION: Cult of the Persa Pen (clan deities); ancestor spirit worship. In many Gond weddings, the bride and groom circle a post made out of a Mahua tree during the ceremony, and the Gonds of Adilabad perform the first ceremonies of the year when Mahua flowers bloom. $0.18. More important affairs are discussed and decided upon by all the men of the community. Encyclopedia.com. Oosterhout: Anthropological Publications. Gond groups that have been influenced by northern peoples such as Marathas, however, follow northern customs in determining marriage partners. Originally they must have been nomadic hunters and food gatherers and then switched to shifting cultivation, retaining, however, their close connection with the forest. Stones representing souls of the dead, or hanals, are kept in a hanalkot at the foot of a saja tree. Grigson, William (1938). Deities such as Shitala Mata, goddess of smallpox, help ward off disease. [11], The origins of the Gonds are still in debate. These frequent ecstasies do not seem to have any detrimental mental or physical effects on the shamans, who may be male or female. Vol.3: The Scheduled Tribes. . 516 p. Museum of Mankind, Shelagh Weir, and Hira Lal. While they are by no means all alike, there is a limited measure of cultural uniformity among these groups. The large Gond tribe was divided into many other smaller clans and were built near a mountain or river which were later fortified with dense forests. Houses are usually built of mud and thatch. Despite their numbers, the Gonds are an assemblage of diverse tribal groups. POPULATION: 31 million Consulate General of India in New York. He is respected but he does not receive fervent devotion, which is shown only to clan deities. Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Following the 1740s, the rising tide of Maratha power swept over the Gonds. Polygamy is a type of marriage in which there is plurality of partners. Baradeo is the Supreme Being, creator of the universe and giver of life and death, but he is rather remote. Visiting customs vary throughout the region, though Gonds are normally a hospitable people. In addition, the Penkara, or holy circle of the clan, is under this tree. 21 Dec. 2020 . Baradeo oversees activities of lesser gods. Magic may be "white" or "black": it is white if it counteracts black magic or effects a cure when a sickness has been caused by black magic. The language offers a cultural Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Forest cover is dense in places, and communications are generally difficult. Gonds live all over central India, and in the states of Maharashtra and Orissa. They speak the Gondi language. Scholars believe that Gonds ruled in Gondwana, a region extending from what is now eastern Madhya Pradesh to western Odisha and from northern Andhra Pradesh to the southeastern corner of Uttar Pradesh, between the 13th and 19th centuries AD. Little is known about the origins of the Gonds. Gonds also worship family and household gods, gods of the field, and gods of cattle. The Making of India and Indian Traditions. Those who offend against the rule of clan exogamy incur supernatural sanctions. Each village has its Village-Guardian and Village-Mother who must be worshiped whenever the village community embarks on ritual activities, such as a seasonal celebration or a sacrifice. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. A few large Gond kingdoms were beginning to dominate the smaller Gond … … Madhubani. In these stories, it is said that when Gond gods were born, their mother abandoned them. Newlyweds live with the groom’s family until it is possible for them to move into a house of their own. Interknowledge Corporation. Gond marriages are as a rule happy and lasting if the husband is able to provide a frugal livelihood for wife and children and if the wife is competent in her Household tasks and field work. The latest available Census figures are from 1971, when there were 4,728,796 Gonds—one of the largest tribal groups on earth. White or colored turbans complete the outfit. In winter, waistcoats or woolen pullovers are worn for warmth, and sometimes a coarse woolen blanket is used for extra protection. They are listed as a Scheduled Tribe for the purpose of India's system of positive discrimination. Every nine or twelve years, Gonds sacrifice a pig to the god Narayan Deo in an important ceremony known as the Laru Kaj (Pig's Wedding). Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. While the Gond live mainly in Madhya Pradesh, important clusters live also in the adjoining districts to the north, west, and south of Gondavana. Traditional Gond Art. The Gonds celebrate many feasts connected mainly with the agricultural seasons and with life-cycle events (birth, marriage, sickness, and death). Gonds celebrate most festive occasions with song and dance. Medicine. They believe the gods would punish such a sin with a skin disease, worms in a wound, or leprosy. This stands in contrast to the dowry practice in Hindu society, which means that the birth of a baby girl represents a heavy economic burden for poorer Hindu families, with enormous repercussions on the status of women, and on the sex ratio in the population. The Gonds are among the largest tribal groups in South Asia and perhaps the world. They are an Adivasi group (indigenous people) of India Presence of Gond (Card) Presence of Gond. The staples of the Gond diet are two millets known as kodo and kutki. A Gond wedding is accompanied by many significant ceremonies, although, in general, rites conform to the marriage customs of the locality. However, poverty and lack of access to educational and health facilities remain major stumbling blocks in the way of Gond women bettering themselves. The Gonds are an important and Numerous tribe, residing at the present time mainly in Gondavana, "the Land of the Gonds," the easternmost districts of Madhya Pradesh, formerly the Central Provinces of India. Polygamy is of three types such as polygamy, polyandry and endogamy or group marriage. The main part of the wedding occurs when the bride and groom walk seven times around a wedding post. Some Hindu festivals, such as Holi, Dasahara, and Divali, are celebrated, though often the Gonds have no real understanding of the significance of these feasts. D&D Beyond Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Music, song, and dance play an important role in Gond society. The Gonds are among the largest tribal groups in South Asia and perhaps the world. Kangalee, Motiram Chhabiram, Paree Kupar Lingo Gondi Punemi Darshan (In Hindi), This page was last edited on 18 December 2020, at 09:45. Generally, it is good to marry outside the clan. If soothsayers and diviners cannot help, magicians and shamans must be employed. Clan priests (katora) tend the shrine and ritual objects of the clan's Persa Pen. Tex. The upland areas generally lie between 2,000 to 3,000 feet (600 to 900 meters), with isolated peaks occasionally exceeding approximately 4,000 feet (1,200 meters). These are either boiled to a broth or cooked to a dry cereal. While a male can never change his clan, a woman on marriage is taken into the clan of her husband. ." In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. This god is benign at heart, but can display violent tendencies. Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Singh, Indrajit (1944). A Gond can have more than one wife, polygyny being restricted only by the capability of the man to support a number of wives. Inheritance passes down the male line, with all sons receiving equal shares. Reprint. They are artistically gifted, painting designs on their house walls in red and black on a white background. ." Kinship and marriage customs among Gonds reflect broader regional patterns. Most significantly, they all describe themselves as Gonds or, in the local Gondi dialects, as Koi or Koitur. Males undergo a ritual shaving of the beard, mustache, and eyebrows as a sign of adulthood. Kamalji Gondwala specially deals in all types of Gum, Guggul, Shatawar, Kesar, Amla, Kamar kas (Palash Gond) and also deal all types of herbs in powder form which are rarely available in the market. For instance, some non-tribals, through political jockeying, have managed to gain legal tribal status, that is, to be listed as a Scheduled Tribe. It is the Gondi language, as much as anything else, that lends a sense of cultural uniformity to the diverse tribal groups that make up the Gonds. Many Gonds live around the Satpura Hills, Maikala Range and Son-Deogarh uplands, and on the Bastar plateau. Hereditary bards and professional storytellers called Pardhans tell stories about Gond legends and myths. The climate is typical of the northern interior Deccan. The Gonds make musical instruments, and they carve memorial pillars in wood and stone for their dead. Gods of the field and gods of cattle must receive their offerings to ensure a productive harvest. Tribal solidarity does not extend beyond the confines of a subsection. When the ruling Rajput dynasties in these regions Declined, Gonds established themselves as rulers at four centers. [24], Gonds also believe in rain gods. This item appears in Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal. The norm is cross-cousin marriage (for example, marrying one's mother's brother's daughter), which is typical in southern India. Animals sacrificed at ceremonies are eagerly consumed, and the diet is supplemented by animals hunted in the forest. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Silver Burdett Press, 1989. The dhoti is a long piece of white cotton cloth wrapped around the waist and then drawn between the legs and tucked into the waist. The entire Gond tribe was never a political unit. LOCATION: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, and Nagaland states) February sees the start of the hot season, with temperatures rising to over 40° C (104° F) in early June. Start studying Shapes (types of gons). Their newly acquired tribal status made the Banjaras eligible to acquire Gond land "legally" and to compete with Gonds for reserved political seats, places in education institutions, and other benefits reserved for Scheduled Tribes. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The summer brings the monsoon rains, with precipitation amounts varying from 120 cm (47 in) to over 160 cm (63 in) in the more southeasterly locations. The belief in the survival of the ancestral spirits is, however, quite strong. [27] Gonds usually bury their dead, but their kings usually cremated as per Vedic practices. It was fully assembled by Late Precambrian time, some … But it is very important for unmarried women and widows. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Many of these subsections have assumed different tribal names so that their identity with the Gond tribe is not always clear. India: Mittal Publications, 2005. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. [citation needed], Most Gonds follow their hindu religion, which retains the animist beliefs of nature, and ancestor worship. Disease must be warded off by appeasing deities such as Shitala Mata, Goddess of Smallpox. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. It is mostly found in the mountainous regions of the Middle East. Although some Gond groups own a great deal of land, others are classified as Scheduled Tribes, which means they need special social and economic help. Shalant, Phyllis. Honey is also gathered from forests. The Gonds have a pronounced patrilineal and patriarchal clan system. Children are generally welcome and treated with affection. Parsippany, N.J.: Julian Messner, 1998. In the early 20th century, the language was spoken by 15 lakhs: around half their population at the time, the rest having shifted to other regional languages. In People of India. Each saga traces its descent to one of the four groups of gods who emerged from the cave after their release by the hero Lingal. Sharma, Anima. In the Gond belief system, besides this high god there also exist a great number of male and female deities and spirits that personify various natural features. Also called Mithila art, it originated in the kingdom of Janak (Sita’s father in Ramayana) … Many of the songs that accompany dances tend to be of a suggestive nature. Pastel Colour Painting: Pastel colours are generally available in the sticks. The other Gond sections have no dormitory system. In addition to its Gond inhabitants, a village has its service castes such as the Ahir (cowherds), Agaria (blacksmiths), Dhulia (drummers), and Pardhan (bards and singers). The Persa Pen is essentially good but can be dangerous and violent. Nonetheless, even using conservative estimates of growth rates, the Gond population in India must exceed14 million today. The Gonds believe in an afterlife. "Gonds They turn to soothsayers and diviners to find out the cause of their problems and the appropriate remedies to be taken. Many of the Gond clans bear animal or plant names, which suggests a totemic origin of the clans, and some Gond clans still observe totemic taboos. This is the simple way … Offenders against the law of exogamy are excluded from the tribal community and can only be readmitted after separation. Magicians use special formulas to control the actions of a deity or spirit that is causing a particular affliction. Tribe in Transition: A Study of Thakur Gonds. Elwin, Verrier (1943). Gonds have a rich tradition of tribal arts and crafts that includes pottery, basket-making, body-tattooing, and floor-painting. Children grow up as part of a family, clan, phratry (one of the four main divisions of Gond society), and village community and gradually learn the ways of their people. In many tribal societies, paying a bride price is part of the marriage arrangement. 1968. When there is no specific shrine for the village mother goddess, the saja tree is her abode. Gonds believe evil spirits and the gods' displeasure cause most diseases and misfortunes. 1969. The central rite of the Gond wedding consists of the groom walking with his bride seven times around a wedding post erected in the center of the wedding booth. Mariai- the Goddess of plague and other diseases, and Bhimsen - … Animals sacrificed at ceremonies are eagerly consumed, and animals hunted in the forest supplement the diet. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. The main part of the wedding occurs when the bride and groom walk seven times around a wedding post. PRONUNCIATION: EE-bo Magicians believe that by magic formulas and devices they can force a particular deity or spirit to carry out their commands. For instance, in Orissa's Kalahandi and Nuapada districts, life is an endless nightmare of deprivation and hunger for Gonds. The racial history of the Gonds is unknown. [a], The Gondi language is spoken by almost 30 lakh Gonds: mainly in the southern area of their range. Gonds welcome visitors with dried tobacco leaves, fruits, or other small gifts. Afterwards the kingdoms of Kherla and Deogarh were founded. https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gonds, "Gonds Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures. POPULATION: 18 million They also consume large amounts of liquor distilled from the mahua tree (Bassia latifolia) as a part of both religious and social celebrations. Broth is preferred for the first two meals of the day and the dry cereal is eaten at night, often with vegetables. As one continues south, however, the highly dissected plateau of Bastar forms another stronghold of the Gond tribes. A clan consists of a group of people who believe they share a common ancestor. Education and literacy levels among the Gonds vary but are generally low. [12] Genetic evidence notes extensive gene flow between the Gonds and Munda peoples to the east, but rules out a common origin, instead noting the Gonds and Munda peoples have distinct origins.[13]. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. London: Macmillan. Most aspects of Gond life, from the greatest festivals to the building of a new cattle shed, are accompanied by sacrifice. At a certain age, they begin to assume some responsibility for household and agricultural chores. The diviners and magicians, on the other hand, are unofficial charismatic intermediaries between the supernatural world and human beings. Gonds typically choose their marriage mates, and a tribal council approves the matches. The Gonds, like the other Tribals of central India, believe that most diseases and misfortunes are caused by the machinations of evil spirits and offended deities. On Dussehra, the Gondi inhabitants of Paraswadi carry an image of Ravana riding an elephant in a procession to worship him, and protest the burning of Ravana's effigies. Lingal also is responsible for creating a Gond kinship system and establishing a group of great Gond gods. Three distinct tribes namely Gond tribe, Bhil tribe and Oraon tribe have influenced the culture classified as tribal art. Gonds believe humans have a life force and a spirit. The zenith of their might was from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures, Naga Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. When discovered, she is publicly disgraced and expelled from the village or even killed. They often carve doors and panels to decorate their houses. The hamlet is not a closed cluster of huts, for the Gonds' homesteads are spread over a large area within the hamlet. Maria Murder and Suicide. Only three Gond sections in the south have youth dormitories, and only the Murías use the dormitory for the education of youth in married and civic life. Gonds also believe disease is caused by spirit possession. . But generally, except for the observance of exogamy, the clan system has no important function. Dasahara is an important Gond holiday. Left to fend for themselves, the women, the elderly and children have to eke out an existence or starve. [23], Like village deity worship in South India, Gonds believe their small deities have the capability of possession. Scholars believe that the Gonds settled in Gondwana between the 9th and 13th centuries AD. He cares only for the act of creation, playing little heed to the consequences of letting loose his inventions into the world. Inheritance. Arts. A divorce requires the legal sanction of the tribal council of the village. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1995. Many Gond tribes also live in the Garhjat Hills of northern Orissa. Sometimes it is ground and baked into a flat cake. Of each large Gond tribe was divided and had different raja or rai. They consist of a living room, a kitchen, a veranda, and a special room to which women retire while they are menstruating. February sees the start of the hot season, with temperatures rising to over 40°c (104°f) in early June. Demography. They are good singers, though the melodies of their songs sometimes sound monotonous and may not be of their own invention. DNA evidence suggests they might have branched off from early Proto-Australoids who apparently traveled from Africa to Australia along the coastal margins of India. Kin Groups and Descent. In one corner of the house is the shrine to the clan gods. In the present political situation the Gonds are, despite their numbers, politically powerless, which is partly because of this Tribal disunity but also because of their comparative lack of education and drive, and their great poverty. A Gond clan comprises a group of persons who believe that they are descendants in the male line from a common ancestor. Each homestead houses a family, often a joint family consisting of the families of the married sons living with their parents. 3: Hindus…, PRONUNCIATION: muh-RAHT-uhz Cock-fighting is a favorite pastime of some Gond groups. Identification. Women also like to wear colored glass bangles and marriage necklaces made of small black beads. The first historical references from the Gonds comes from Muslim writers in the 14th century. "Gonds [Online] Available http://www.interknowledge.com/india/, 1998. This article includes material from the 1995 public domain Library of Congress Country Study on India. Gonds are passionate smokers and grow tobacco for their own consumption. The Gonds practice clan exogamy, considering intermarriage within a clan to be incest. POPULATION…, PRONUNCIATION: aw-REE-(y)uh Those few Gonds who are members of the legislative assemblies or even the national parliament (Lok Sabha) are either alienated from their tribal culture or easily manipulated by other politicians. If the Gonds ever had a language of their own, they have lost it completely. [6] They are an Adivasi group (indigenous people) of India[7], The Gond are also known as the Raj Gond. PRONUNCIATION: GAHNDSALTERNATE NAMES: Koi; KoiturLOCATION: IndiaPOPULATION: About 14 millionLANGUAGE: GondiRELIGION: Cult of the Persa Pen (clan deities); ancestor spirit worshipRELATED ARTICLES: Vol. The essential wedding rite consists of the groom walking with his bride seven times around a wedding post erected in the center of the wedding booth. Every hill, river, lake, tree, and rock is … [30] The 2011 Census of India for Uttar Pradesh showed the Scheduled Caste Gond population as 21,992.[31]. Average Type Distribution. They speak the Gondi language. Female deities generally demand that blood be spilled; the victims are usually chickens or goats, sometimes male buffalo, and, occasionally in the past, human beings. Vol. The change to adulthood is gradual; there is no initiation ceremony. He is a personal god—eternal, just, merciful, maker of the fertile earth and of man—though the universe is conceived as coexisting with him. With a person were buried their worldly possessions. The language is related to Telugu. Gonds believe that most diseases and misfortunes in life are caused by evil spirits and the displeasure of the gods. Bombay: New Literature Publishing Co. Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph von (1948). Originally Gond boys and girls married on reaching physical maturity. Leaves from the Jungle: Life in a Gond Village. Socialization. Encyclopedia.com. But the sex ratio of Gonds is higher than the national average, suggesting that discrimination against female children is totally lacking, or at least less than in other groups. 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